<ul><li>Collected all the Literature available on buckling of steel columns.</li><li>Analyzed the stability of steel columns under different support conditions using design codes and software.</li><li>Used the stiffness reduction method to study how structures behave when they deform or yield.<br></li><li>Checked the buckling strength of ISHB300 steel columns with both theoretical and software-based approaches.<br></li><li>Compared results from IS800:2007, EN1993-1-1, and Abaqus to find accuracy differences.<br></li><li>Studied how stiffness reduction factors improve reliability of structural analysis.<br></li><li>Prepared clear findings to help improve safe and efficient column design.</li></ul>