• Collected all the Literature available on buckling of steel columns.
• Analyzed the stability of steel columns under different support conditions using design codes and software.
• Used the stiffness reduction method to study how structures behave when they deform or yield.
• Checked the buckling strength of ISHB300 steel columns with both theoretical and software-based approaches.
• Compared results from IS800:2007, EN1993-1-1, and Abaqus to find accuracy differences.
• Studied how stiffness reduction factors improve reliability of structural analysis.
• Prepared clear findings to help improve safe and efficient column design.